Which of the following is considered a private restriction in property ownership?

The correct answer refers to private restrictions, which are limitations imposed by property owners or through private agreements on the use of their property. Tax liens, while they do restrict the owner’s ability to use or sell their property until the debt is paid, are traditionally not classified as "private" restrictions. Instead, tax liens are imposed by governmental entities due to unpaid taxes and serve a public interest rather than a personal or private one.

In contrast, private restrictions typically include covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) set by a developer or property owners' association, which dictate how properties within a community can be used. These restrictions are contractual in nature and are intended to maintain a certain standard or character within a neighborhood.

Understanding the distinction between private and public restrictions is essential in property law. Zoning laws, building codes, and city planning regulations are all examples of public restrictions imposed by governmental bodies to regulate land use for the benefit of the broader community. Thus, they do not fit the criteria for being classified as private restrictions in property ownership.